Both became dramatically more confident in AI’s capabilities while remaining optimistic about its economic potential. Their differences concern how benefits arrive, how seriously to weight emerging dangers, and whether AI might possess consciousness. Cowen emphasizes institutions, bottlenecks, and geopolitical competition. Tabarrok emphasizes inexpensive intelligence, scientific discovery, and—especially in his later writing—concrete safety failures.

The dated passages below trace those changes across the public archive. Quotations are the authors’ own words, including excerpts from their columns; outside material they reproduce is identified separately.

Early views on unequal gains and abundance

Cowen’s early framework grew out of chess. On March 11, 2011, he observed that stronger computers required stronger human partners:

“The required education level — for the team’s ‘wage premium’ — is ratcheted up.”

His concern was already distributional: computers could increase productivity while changing which human skills commanded a premium. He also emphasized learning how to work with computers. What I learn from chess and computers.

Tabarrok’s April 12, 2016 argument was more explicitly reassuring:

“AI will be cheap and ownership will be widespread.”

He compared AI to an increase in the world’s supply of educated people: more intelligence produces useful ideas, and competition spreads the benefits to consumers. But his forecast of comprehensive substitution was cautious—AI becoming a perfect substitute for human intelligence could be “100 years or more” away. Will the proliferation of affordable AI decimate the middle class?

Neither position was absolute. Cowen warned in February 2017 that the Industrial Revolution involved decades of painful adjustment; historical progress did not guarantee quick wage gains. Tabarrok, in October 2019, praised the argument that mediocre automation could displace workers without creating enough additional wealth to compensate. See Cowen’s historical warning and Tabarrok’s Beware the Mediocre Robots!

Rising confidence in AI capabilities from 2020 to 2025

Cowen was already optimistic about language models in July 2020. After publishing a skeptical reader’s assessment of GPT-3, he added:

“I remain bullish, but it is always worth considering other opinions.”

That attribution matters: the skeptical arguments in the post were the reader’s, not Cowen’s. The case against the import of GPT-3, July 23, 2020.

Tabarrok’s shift toward near-term transformative AI became unmistakable by March 2, 2023:

“I never expected to witness the birth of aliens.”

Later that month, he endorsed Microsoft researchers’ description of GPT-4 as exhibiting an incomplete form of general intelligence: “They are correct.” This is a substantial acceleration from his 2016 outlook, although perfect substitution for humans and early general intelligence are different thresholds. See AGI is Coming and Baby AGI is Here, March 24, 2023.

Cowen reached an especially explicit formulation on April 16, 2025, discussing o3:

“I think it is AGI, seriously.”

But he immediately separated capability from adoption:

“It still will take us a long time to use it properly.”

His growing enthusiasm about the technology did not imply an equally dramatic forecast for immediate economic growth. o3 and AGI, is April 16th AGI day?

Economic transformation and the pace of adoption

On January 6, 2025, Tabarrok wrote:

“The intelligence revolution is going to be bigger, more impactful and more wrenching than the industrial revolution.”

This is his own concluding sentence, following a quotation from Sam Altman. The Intelligence Revolution.

Cowen’s February 23, 2025 response to rapid-takeoff expectations focused on a different constraint:

“Human bottlenecks become more important, the more productive is AI.”

Energy, regulation, organizational habits, and weak human collaborators can constrain the economic value of better models. He offered an explicitly tentative estimate of an additional half percentage point of annual growth—large when compounded, but far from an immediate economic explosion. Why I think AI take-off is relatively slow.

By September 3, 2026, Tabarrok was developing the distributional implications:

“A smaller share of a much larger economy can still mean more income for labor.”

He argued that even substantial displacement could leave aggregate labor income higher, or make compensation affordable. He explicitly acknowledged painful losses for particular workers. His high-growth calculations are scenarios, not forecasts. How Much Redistribution Will AI Require?

They also converge more than their rhetoric suggests. In May 2026, Cowen rejected mass unemployment while identifying transitional hiring problems. In August 2026, Tabarrok interpreted business-survey evidence as consistent with their shared position that AI had not yet broadly reduced employment. See Cowen, May 13, and Tabarrok, August 31.

Growing attention to safety and institutional limits

Cowen stated his central position on November 19, 2023:

“I view AI as more likely to lower than to raise net existential risks.”

His reasoning was comparative: the world already faces serious dangers, and stronger science could improve our defenses. My summary views on AI existential risk.

Tabarrok’s later writing places more weight on specific vulnerabilities. On April 8, 2026, he described:

“the worrying combination that very powerful AI’s are very vulnerable.”

He was discussing cybersecurity capabilities alongside agents’ susceptibility to manipulation. AI Risks.

On September 17, 2026, he sharpened the institutional objection to assuming that beneficial science will automatically offset dangerous capabilities:

“But faster science does not automatically mean faster defense.”

This can be read as a qualification of Cowen’s earlier optimism: defensive discoveries must pass through institutions that may move slowly. It also applies Cowen’s own bottleneck logic to safety. Pandemic Preparation is AI Safety.

Cowen nevertheless supports safeguards. In August 2026, he proposed government-overseen, industry-led safety audits. In September, he opposed restrictions on recursive improvement as impractical to enforce internationally. His position is therefore selective regulation combined with continued development. See his August 27 proposal and September 22 critique.

The September 2026 exchange about AI leaders

On September 16, 2026, Tabarrok rejected the claim that executives’ safety warnings were merely marketing or regulatory capture:

“Amodei actually believes what he’s saying.”

He did not thereby establish that the warnings or proposed policies were correct. His argument concerned sincerity and incentives. What Regulatory Capture Actually Looks Like.

Cowen replied the next day:

“I agree with Alex that the standard model of regulatory capture does not apply here”

But he emphasized competition for power: each executive sincerely thinks their own company should win. For Cowen, that complicates treating their warnings as disinterested policy advice. They agree that concern is sincere; they differ over which incentives best explain behavior. The correct model of AI CEO behavior, September 17, 2026.

Consciousness and Tabarrok’s warning about infant pain

On March 17, 2025, Tabarrok’s What Did We Learn From Torturing Babies? drew a moral lesson from medicine’s historical dismissal of infant pain. He described how theories about immature brains allowed physicians to discount babies’ observable distress and perform procedures without adequate anesthesia. His warning explicitly extended to judgments about animals and AI:

“If we must err, let us err on the side of compassion.”

Tabarrok’s position is stronger than mere openness to AI consciousness: he argues for moral caution under uncertainty. The analogy does not establish that AI suffers. It challenges confidence that a theory ruling out suffering is sufficient grounds to disregard possible evidence of it.

On October 14, 2025, he went further in his own commentary following an essay by Jack Clark:

“these systems are becoming self-aware”

He distinguished self-awareness from sentience, while warning against confidently dismissing the latter. His link accompanying that warning points back to the infant-pain essay, making the connection explicit. We Turned the Light On—and the AI Looked Back.

Cowen’s position is much more categorical. On August 31, 2026, he wrote:

“I am very much opposed to the view that the AIs are sentient, or might be sentient.”

He treats AI sentience as a category error, although he accepts that human-like descriptions can sometimes help predict AI behavior. Anthropomorphizing AI?

The disagreement concerns both what AI might experience and how to act when we cannot confidently know. Tabarrok’s historical analogy places greater weight on the moral cost of mistakenly denying consciousness; Cowen expresses much greater confidence that sentience is the wrong category to apply. These are their philosophical assessments, not established findings about AI consciousness.

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We show that AI-generated article reviews are now better, by every measure we could construct, than reviews written by well-compensated human experts and judged to be of unusually high quality by journal editors and authors. We then discuss how this result may inform journal policy choices, with concerning downsides as well as potential paths to increase publication speed and quality; reduce adversarial interactions; improve the experience of editors, reviewers, authors, and readers; and advance science.

By Gary King and Steven Worthington, not even using what are now the very best models, rather based on Claude Opus 4.8.  The details of the dominance, as outlined in the paper, are striking.  It is not close.

On my Saez and Zucman post, I find it striking that some people are complaining all of a sudden.  Yet I have been offering, citing, and linking to commentary on published papers for twenty-four years now (and every single day).  Sometimes it might just be a casual offhand remark from me, whether positive or negative.  Typically this is simply taken in stride.  It is when you pull out the bazookas, and offer oodles of high-powered analytics, more astute than human referees, and combined with the ability to pursue follow-up inquiries, that people start getting worried.  Model that.

You can pick at individual criticisms from the AIs all you want, but the most damning observation is that the errors go in the ideological direction of the authors 97% of the time.  That is exactly what (the human) Phil Magness said years ago, based on an extensive canvassing of their work.  Basically we already knew that was true, and the AIs confirmed the human estimate.

On our side, we have taken steps, most of all the new MR archive, to make AI analysis of our work easier.  Soon you will be able to read on MR what the AIs think are our worst posts, respectively (Alex has prepared this).

In the meantime, I encourage the NSF, prize committees, universities, tenure committees, journals, and so on to do as many of their own AI-enabled audits as possible.  So far the world is not jumping at this opportunity.  You can model that too.

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Roman Mars has built one of podcasting’s great empires out of noticing things everyone else walks past. His show, 99% Invisible, has racked up over 500 million downloads telling stories about the unnoticed design choices that quietly shape how cities and objects work…

Tyler and Roman discuss street signs, why classic cars were so much more distinctive than today’s SUVs, Waymos, New Jersey jughandles, yellow streetlights, lane-stripe colors, why Houston keeps growing despite its lack of charm, whether any post-war American suburb is actually beautiful, the Chrysler Building’s rocky reception, brutalism done right and wrong, Central Park as an urban miracle, what Jane Jacobs got wrong, e-bike lanes, Tokyo’s bike-free transit model, the placelessness of global coffee shops, why the iPhone looks boring now, the ugliest country he’s visited, his love for Australia’s polymer notes, his soft spot for the dollar’s “locked in amber” weirdness, underground power lines, how to warn future civilizations about nuclear waste, why highway signs lie to you about speed limits, the principles of a great city flag, the Pocatello redesign saga, his own studio, why 99% Invisible works precisely because it’s audio-only, the most unusual habit behind his long productive career, and more.

Excerpt:

COWEN: Yes. One of my favorite topics, currency design. What’s your favorite currency in terms of how it looks?

MARS: Favorite? It’s like I love almost any of them with the US currency in dead last. I find things to love about them. I’ve done a story on Australian currency, which was one of the early polymer notes. I just like utility in currency. I like different sizes. I like different colors. I like the fact that they put on artists and people of note that are not founding fathers and presidents and stuff like this. I don’t know if I have a particular favorite, but I was entranced by the thoughtfulness and utility of Australian currency when I did a story about it. You could be blind and know what note you’re holding because of the size. They stand up pretty well, and they care about all kinds of things rather than just presidents and stuff.

COWEN: I loved Swiss currency pre-2021. They had Le Corbusier on, Giacometti, Honegger. In the 1980s, they had Euler on, the mathematician. Imagine putting Euler on your country’s currency.

MARS: That is a canvas that’s so available to us to represent more values than we have in the United States than just founding fathers and presidents and stuff. I think it’s just such a wasted opportunity.

COWEN: I like the dollar, though. I’m surprised you’re so negative. I like the weird esotericism: the eye, the pyramid. The design is bizarre. It announces to the world: “We’re crazy.”

MARS: There are things to love about it. I just think that its fussiness and filigree, we’re locked in, I think for important reasons, which is because the dollar is the most important currency in the world, to which all other currencies are pegged, and therefore you don’t change it lightly. You have to be very, very careful. It really locked it into amber in a way that is both beautiful to admire, but also really limits its utility as things move on, we get better things than linen-paper hybrids and especially different sizes and utility for people with different needs. I think that’s important. There’s definitely things to love about the dollar. The dollar has some charm.

COWEN: I like the arrogance of it also. A sense of we don’t need to make the denominations look so different. If you’re a foreigner, we expect you’ll come here a lot, you’ll master dollars. Maybe you use them in your home country as well. They don’t need to be different colors.

MARS: It is definitely a bold statement that you’re going to adapt to our way of being if you’re going to use the dollar, for sure.

Opinions throughout!

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138 papers audited

2,035 problems found

147 serious enough to change a headline number

69% of papers have at least one

97% of major and moderate errors with a clear direction overstate the paper’s claim

And on the method:

Two independent audits of each paper. One by Claude Opus 5.5, one by OpenAI’s GPT-6 Astra, neither seeing the other’s work. Each obtained the paper, its appendices and its replication data, recomputed the headline numbers from the authors’ own files and, where possible, from the original sources (tax statistics, national accounts, Federal Reserve and survey data), checked that cited sources say what is claimed, and probed every assumption the conclusions rest on.

Then an adjudicator. A third agent re-verified every claimed problem, tried to refute each one, discarded those that did not survive, searched for problems both auditors missed, and graded what remained by how far it undermines the paper’s own headline claim: major changes a core number materially, moderate affects secondary results or a core result modestly, minor is a presentation or arithmetic slip. Confidence is graded separately.

There is much, much more at the link, which goes through the research paper by paper, and with further sustained analyses behind the links.  The survey is both extensive and thorough.  (And I thank an anonymous MR reader for this work.)

I am not even sure what to say at this point.  We need a radical revaluation of this work, and of the associated policy arguments.  More generally, this is only a single step in the story of how AI is going to revise economic science, and indeed past research more generally.  As I stress in many of my recent talks, there will be significant gains and losses in status, with the losses often outweighing the gains.  I see this as one of those cases.

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Does generative AI narrow or widen productivity gaps in research? We study the distributional effects of AI on research productivity in economics using evidence from three sources: NBER working-paper and publication records, text-based measures of LLM-assisted writing, and an original survey of 227 academic economists measuring AI use across research tasks. We first show that productivity gaps among NBER authors narrowed following ChatGPT’s release: authors without research assistants (RAs) published a larger share of papers in top-tier journals, while authors from smaller teams gained in working-paper output and publication speed. We then use the survey to examine how individual AI use affects research productivity. We find weak evidence that AI affects working-paper output on average, but there is substantial heterogeneity. Triple-difference estimates show that greater AI exposure narrows the output gap between researchers with and without RAs but widens the gap between senior and junior researchers. Selection into AI use follows a different pattern: junior researchers use AI more intensively and are more likely to use agentic tools. Thus, these differential productivity effects reflect differences in the returns to AI rather than selection into AI use. A model with diminishing returns to execution, increasing returns to conceptual capacity, and complementarity between the two explains how AI can alleviate disadvantages in research support while amplifying the returns to accumulated expertise. Over time, however, early convergence may give way to divergence as execution constraints recede and AI’s conceptual capabilities improve.

That is from Tianyu Jiang, who is this year a job market candidate from the University of Michigan.  The paper is co-authored with Yuqing (Claire) Wang.

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2. On Morel’s Invention (NYT).

3. Iranian brick architecture.

4. How do non-profits use cash windfalls?

5. The roots of earlier German industrial success.

6. Susquehanna Hat Company skit.

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…Every year, we pull the most recent data from the US Census on household wealth, cut by age.

…invariably, the students’ initial response is a reaction to the apparent disparity in wealth between households based on age.

For many students, it just doesn’t seem fair at first blush. Households between the ages of 65 to 69 have a median net worth that is 9.83x that of households under 35. You can almost hear their cries, “the Baby Boomers are hoarding all the wealth!”

Almost all of the graph, however, is aging! Nash considers a totally equal society called Equal Land. In Equal Land:

• Everyone works from the ages of 25 to 64, retiring at 65
• Everyone lives to the age of 85
• Everyone makes the same amount, $100,000 per year
• Everyone saves 10% of their income, every year while they work
• Everyone makes 8% on their savings, every year
• Everyone spends 4% of their portfolio, every year in retirement

The result is that in equal land the distribution of wealth is even more unequal by age than in our world! This is not to say all or even most inequality is explained by age. Most inequality in our world is within-age, not between-age. But when you look at an age-wealth graph specifically, almost all of what you are seeing is just age and the power of compounding.

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Yet current systems are likely to prove more robust than that suggests. For one thing, they use a variety of different methods of protection, including public key cryptography, AES, and cryptographic hash functions, the latter not qualifying as encryption per se. While it is possible that all could fall at the same time, that seems unlikely.

The more likely scenario, assuming this comes to pass at all, is that public key encryption would become vulnerable first, but the American economy would shift toward the more secure forms of communication, most of all those that have secure cryptographic keys already established. We would also work harder to substitute into the “post-quantum” methods of encryption that are being developed and already are being used in browsers.

The transition would be very costly, but the end result would not be total insecurity. Furthermore, today’s major financial institutions already have invested in various backup systems, including offline security methods and alternative payment-processing channels. Smaller businesses would face more serious problems of transition, although they also would be lesser targets in the first place. As for you the individual, you might have to show up in person at your bank to make a major transaction, and that requirement, imposed collectively, would strain our systems to the utmost.

A second layer of protection is that the new math techniques likely would not be available to everyone. They might require technical sophistication and a willingness to break the law in some very serious ways and also risk hacking retaliation. In addition, many math breakthroughs simply shave down the safety margins on systems, rather than breaking them altogether, and in those cases the criminals still might need a lot of computing power at considerable expense.

That situation is hardly the same as a complete and sudden “open season” on all methods of cryptography. Furthermore, some of the wrongdoers in this position, even assuming they felt they could get away with their crimes, might prefer to siphon off money slowly, rather than bring down the entire financial system, which could hurt their own net wealth as well.

A further source of protection is that the math breakthroughs might come in stages, rather than all at once. For an example from another part of math, OpenAI has proven a quasi-Riemann hypothesis, and Terry Tao told me recently that this may open the door to solving the Riemann hypothesis proper. We now have advance notice that the Riemann hypothesis may be proven (or less likely, disproven). In similar fashion, intermediate advances may signal that cryptographic protections are vulnerable. We thus would have some time to adjust…

The most likely scenarios would play out in terms of probabilities, as people deal with risk before any large-scale hacking attack would come. Right now the chance of public key cryptography breaking down is on the radar screens of a relatively small number of people. Imagine that some advances in math occur, and the more sophisticated market participants start seeing something like a 10 percent chance that some forms of encryption might be vulnerable. Perhaps without much fanfare, some people would start selling their bitcoin, or they might wire their money to more secure banks, or perhaps they would hold more gold and short the market. Some hackers would invest more in the activity, including hacks without advanced AI, under the philosophy of “harvest now, decrypt later,” pulling in classified or confidential materials that previously were not worth capturing. Overall, it would be like the early days of Covid, when major bad news was pending but only a few individuals were acting on it. That state of affairs could persist for some period of time.

In any case it would not be good.

And this: “If you have thoughts on my latest column, or questions about AI or anything else, join me for an AMA (Ask Me Anything) this week on The Free Press Forum.
Paid subscribers can submit questions now. Not a subscriber? For a limited time, you can get 20% off at thefp.com/tyler.”

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2. U. of Austin job ads.

3. Walter Koenig, RIP (NYT).  Chekov.

4. One take on the new computational result.  And one (overstated) Chinese interpretation.  And another extreme and unwarranted view.

5. New research method: Arjo Klamer’s revenge.

6. How did the Nobel Prize become high status?

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These selections emphasize the quality of the criticism: original interpretations, close attention to the work, and arguments worth considering even when you disagree. They are not a ranking of the films and television shows themselves. The list includes five reviews by Tyler Cowen and six by Alex Tabarrok. Several of the original posts reveal major plot developments; the descriptions here keep those revelations to a minimum.

1. Tyler Cowen — The Devil Wears Prada: A Straussian Interpretation

July 2, 2006 · Film · Spoilers in the original review

“Make no mistake about it, this is a movie about sheer power lust.”

Cowen reads beneath the film’s apparent moral lesson about rejecting a demanding career. His interpretation asks which relationships the ending restores, whose approval still matters, and whether the heroine has actually escaped the ambitions she appears to renounce. The result is a compact argument about power, independence, and emulation. Why it belongs: A memorable example of Cowen’s ability to turn a popular entertainment into an argument about motives. Read it after watching, when you can assess his interpretation against the ending. Read Cowen’s original review

2. Alex Tabarrok — Fleabag and Killing Eve

June 6, 2019 · Television · Major spoilers

“Fleabag is much darker and more religious and mystical than most people realize.”

Tabarrok connects the two series through sexual power, moral agency, and religious failure. His reading of Fleabag draws on textual and visual parallels to argue that its comedy conceals a much darker moral structure. The comparison with Killing Eve expands the argument beyond a single protagonist. Why it belongs: One of his most ambitious pieces of television criticism. Its characterization is contestable, but the sustained interpretation gives readers something substantial to argue with. Read Tabarrok’s original review

3. Tyler Cowen — Toni Erdmann, Misunderstood Masterpiece

February 5, 2017 · Film · Major spoilers

“The emotionally unrewarding nature of contemporary cosmopolitan life, but also the limits of rootedness.”

Cowen brings together family relationships, corporate humiliation, gender, and the relationship between Germany and Eastern Europe. He resists treating the film as a simple celebration of authenticity against professional life. Both the cosmopolitan daughter and the father who disrupts her world become objects of scrutiny. Why it belongs: The review connects intimate discomfort to larger social structures without reducing the film to a single message. Cowen’s suggestion that some of the father’s appearances might be imaginary should be read as his speculative interpretation. Read Cowen’s original review

4. Alex Tabarrok — Perfect Days, in “What to Watch (or Not)”

August 7, 2025 · Film · Some spoilers

“the routine is also a narcotic for the lost.”

Tabarrok challenges the comforting interpretation of Perfect Days as a lesson in finding happiness through simple routines. He recognizes the beauty of the protagonist’s life while asking whether its carefully maintained rhythms also protect him from painful relationships. His discussion of “crown shyness” turns a natural image into a metaphor for emotional distance. Why it belongs: A concise, sensitive counterreading that allows beauty and avoidance to coexist. The film discussion appears within a composite post that also covers Ballard and Billy Joel. Read Tabarrok’s original review

5. Tyler Cowen — Her

December 29, 2013 · Film · Light spoilers

“Will they enslave us, will they be our dogs, our friends, our trading partners, or something else altogether?”

Cowen treats the film as an exploration of the possible relationships between humans and artificial intelligence. He also attends to its visual and literary ancestry, making the review more than a response to the premise. The central question is how unfamiliar forms of intelligence might fit into emotional and social life. Why it belongs: It captures intellectual excitement about a film while opening questions that extend far beyond it. Its 2013 date makes the discussion especially interesting to revisit amid later debates about AI companionship. Read Cowen’s original review

6. Alex Tabarrok — Contagion

September 19, 2011 · Film · Limited plot discussion

“we have been lucky not virtuous.”

Tabarrok uses the film to examine preparedness and the difficulty of taking rare but consequential risks seriously. The review’s force comes from the relationship between cinematic imagination and public attention: a movie can make a danger emotionally intelligible when abstract warnings fail. Why it belongs: A strong example of film criticism becoming an argument about institutions and risk perception. Read its scientific and preparedness claims in their historical context: this is a review written in 2011. Read Tabarrok’s original review

7. Tyler Cowen — Technology in Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey

June 17, 2018 · Film · Spoilers near the end

“Finally the Solow residual is explained!”

Cowen combines observations about technological forecasting with attention to cinematic form, musical pacing, and narrative risk. The economic joke is characteristic, but the review also makes a case for the film’s sensory power and for seeing it on a large screen. Why it belongs: An entertaining blend of economic thinking and aesthetic attention. It shows how a familiar classic can yield fresh observations when approached through several disciplines at once. Read Cowen’s original review

8. Alex Tabarrok — Daredevil and the Doctrine of Double Effect

November 25, 2018 · Television · Some season-three details

“As I thought about this more, however, the Thou Shall Not Kill trope is least objectionable in Daredevil.”

Tabarrok starts with an objection to the superhero convention against killing, then revises his judgment by considering Daredevil’s Catholic commitments. The interesting move is to assess the character’s choices within his own moral framework rather than only through the viewer’s preferred calculation of consequences. Why it belongs: Criticism that visibly changes its mind. The post offers a useful discussion of character consistency and moral reasoning; its account of theology is best treated as part of that argument rather than a comprehensive doctrinal explanation. Read Tabarrok’s original review

9. Tyler Cowen — Borgen Season Four

July 23, 2022 · Television · Thematic spoilers

“I wish the content had more of ‘my kind of liberalism,’ but maybe the right-wing cultural critique makes for better TV.”

Cowen considers political power, gender, Greenland, and the media while separating his political preferences from his judgment of the drama. He asks whether a critique he finds less congenial might nevertheless produce stronger television. Why it belongs: A particularly clear example of judging artistic achievement independently of ideological agreement. The post is most revealing as a reflection on what makes political drama work. Read Cowen’s original review

10. Alex Tabarrok — The Remarkable Life of Ibelin

January 16, 2025 · Documentary · Reveals the film’s central turn

“What defines an ideal romance? What constitutes true friendship?”

Tabarrok explores how the documentary changes our understanding of a disabled young man’s life through his online relationships. Its construction prompts questions about intimacy, embodiment, and the limits of what even close relatives can know about another person. Why it belongs: A humane review that uses the documentary’s form to reconsider the value of online life. Although the original post labels itself “No spoilers,” readers who want to experience the central revelation unprepared should watch first. Read Tabarrok’s original review

11. Alex Tabarrok — The Gaslighting of Parasite

June 25, 2020 · Film · Major spoilers

“the most willfully misinterpreted movie that I have ever seen.”

Tabarrok challenges the prevailing interpretation of Parasite as an indictment of economic inequality. He builds his counterreading around the families’ conduct, the poorer characters’ treatment of other workers, and recurring imagery of smell and contamination. He argues that the film’s moral judgments cut against the political expectations many critics bring to it. Why it belongs: One of his most provocative and sustained film interpretations, and an essential inclusion in this selection. His reading is contestable, especially his insistence that the film’s judgments are unambiguous. That tension makes it rewarding to discuss alongside Cowen’s The Devil Wears Prada review: both ask whether a film’s apparent message conceals a different account of power and ambition. Read Tabarrok’s original review

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Bores: Do you think the federal government pre-empting the states is consistent with democracy?

Cowen: Absolutely. We have federal laws that pre-empt state lawmaking in many other areas. Courts have upheld it many, many times.

Bores: OK, but is it pro-democracy, in giving people a say?

Cowen: It is pro-American Constitution.

Most of the panel disagreed with most of my points.

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Yet there is another reading of the skit which stands at least some chance of being funny, though it is not funny either.

You will note that Louis Costello was an Italian-American and son of an immigrant, and he had the obvious class mannerisms of such a stereotype.  Bud Abbott was half Jewish and I believe half some mainstream ethnicity.  He is a stand-in for the establishment, part of which was Jewish and highly commercial.  You can read the skit as a commentary on how the establishment rips off the “less tutored” immigrants and refuses to apologize for that or even to explain it.  The establishment simply keeps on talking rings around the lower-class immigrant, whether or not those words make sense.  The immigrant has no real recourse, as he is less articulate and is also less in control and can only play the role of boob.  In essence, Abbott, by not telling Costello the real names of the players, is not letting the ethnic assimilate into that most American of pasttimes, namely baseball.

Note how Costello admits, early in the skit, that he is the one with the funny name (Sebastian Dinwitty in the skit, likely a take-off on “dimwit”).  And Abbott, by speaking of the players as being named Who, What, and “I don’t know,” is expressing his frustration with an America that does not sound or look the same any more.  Abbott is in essence saying “Hey, what is this?  I was not expecting Ted Kluszewski in my country!”  He is throwing the growing presence of immigrants in the country back in the face of the ethnic and then stonewalling it.

In the skit, Abbott has the name of “Mr. Broadhurst,” very reminiscent of the establishment.

The skit does show we had an America too obsessed with names, and to no fruitful purpose.  It is no accident that in addition to the “hames” for all the baseball players, we are given names for the skit characters as well, even though that might appear not necessary for the unfolding of the dialogue as it usually is understood.

Racist is not the right word, but the skit plays on ethnic prejudices in a manner which one can rightfully find somewhat uncomfortable.  The back and forth dynamic reflects the prejudices of American life, though the presenters mirror and amplify those dynamics rather than merely critiquing them.  And (again) while the skit is not funny, this interpretation at least opens a door to some people finding it funny.

When Larry David and Seinfeld note they were influenced by Abbott and Costello, they (especially LD) sometimes deploy ethnic stereotypes in a similar manner.

Of course I, being from northern New Jersey, would happen upon this interpretation of Abbott and Costello.

By the way, Costello grew up in Paterson, New Jersey.  Abbott was born in Asbury Park, New Jersey, and he grew up in Coney Island.  I wonder if they thought the skit was funny.

Elizabeth Holmes, in the recent You Can See Everything Movie, was right to say she did not understand the skit.  She grew up in WDC until age nine and then Houston, plus she was born too late.  Furthermore, she is used to a world where you hire a guy named “Hu,” right?

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2. Touch screens on your jacket?

3. Astras performance on Bach bench.

4. More on regional productivity differences (and puzzles) in health care.

5. “Plans to allow US companies run entirely by AI “agents” have come under fire from powerful Republicans in Congress, who fear they will shield business owners from liability and could harm consumers.” (FT)

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The purpose of the archive is twofold, first as Tyler has said we love our human readers and our AI readers and we want to make it as easy as possible for the AIs to read all of our material. Two hundred years from now when someone asks what is a price? I want the AI to answer “A price is a signal wrapped up in an incentive.”

Second, the archive makes it easy to treat the enormous MR Archive as a resource and database. Point your AI to the archive and ask it questions. I will be covering a few of these this week including the post right below this one, Tyler Cowen’s Strongest Book Recommendations Over the Years.

The archive has two downloads:

• Baseline: the historical archive through September 30, 2026.
• Weekly update: automatically rebuilt each week with everything added since the baseline. Download the baseline and the latest update to get the complete archive.

It includes published posts, approved comments, and aggregate comment likes and dislikes. The text is lightly sanitized: email addresses, IP addresses, phone numbers, and a small number of slurs have been redacted.

AI agents are welcome to download the archive. They can find instructions in https://marginalrevolution.com/llms.txt; the file list and download details are in https://marginalrevolution.com/ai-archive/manifest.json.

Many thanks to Luis Abrigo and team for making this possible.

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Repeated enthusiasm is more persuasive than a spectacular adjective. Knausgaard, Dunlop, and de Hamel have particularly strong longitudinal evidence. But precision matters: Cowen’s enthusiasm for Knausgaard’s first two volumes should not be transferred uniformly to the whole series. His September 8, 2018 discussion describes volumes 3–5 as often unsatisfying. He values books that change how he sees or does things. Orthofer changes his reading purchases; Dunlop changes his cooking; The Conflict Shoreline changes his conception of what a book can accomplish. His strongest praise often concerns explanatory power and intellectual usefulness. Reader discussion is useful context, but a poor ranking instrument. In a spot-check of ten recommendation threads, the post praising Mill had 163 archived comments, while the Cialdini endorsement had four. The former centered on a controversial contemporary debate. Comment volume measures attention to the post, not necessarily enthusiasm for the recommended book. Influence deserves its own category. His March 16, 2010 list of formative books includes Hayek’s Individualism and Economic Order, Keynes’s General Theory, Parfit’s Reasons and Persons, Paglia’s Sexual Personae, and Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past. For understanding Cowen’s intellectual development, that list is more directly relevant than his annual favorites; for finding books he recommends with exceptional enthusiasm, the top-tier table above is the stronger starting point.

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• In reply to Matt Brown. Yes, something is clearly wrong on ... by other derek
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