Asperger Syndrome

Asperger syndrome (AS) was first described by Hans Asperger in 1944 as the behavioral characterization of individuals with difficulties in communication and social interaction. Since then, there has been considerable interest and debate surrounding AS. Although AS was introduced as a distinct diagnostic category in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-4, 1994), its diagnostic label was removed from the subsequent edition, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5), almost two decades later. Instead, ASD was incorporated into a broader category known as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This change reflected a growing recognition that autism encompasses a spectrum of experiences with varying degrees of severity and a wide range of associated characteristics.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encompass a range of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by diverse degrees and manifestations. Typically emerging in early childhood, these disorders are marked by challenges in social communication and interaction and behavioral patterns that involve restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. The changes made to the classification of ASD in DSM-5 sparked controversy regarding the loss of the distinct Asperger identity. This shift in classification continues to be a topic of debate within the literature, as discussions revolve around the formulation and inclusion of AS within the broader ASD framework. Given the extensive historical background of AS, its distinct semiotics, and the relatively characteristic clinical presentations, specialists still utilize this diagnosis as a subtype of ASD characterized by the absence of language delay and a normal or above-average IQ.

This topic review will describe the essential aspects of autism spectrum disorder and Asperger syndrome. For greater transparency, the following have been referred to: