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Natural Language Processing (NLP) Series
2026-04-01 15:52 UTC by baeldung

Natural Language Processing (NLP) enables computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language. From basic text preprocessing to large language models and retrieval-augmented generation, NLP covers a vast range of techniques used in search engines, chatbots, recommendation systems, and more.

This guide walks through the core areas of NLP: foundational text processing, similarity and search, word embeddings, modern language models and transformers, and practical applications like sentiment analysis and text classification.

NLP Foundations

• NLP vs. NLU vs. NLG
• Stemming vs Lemmatization
• What Exactly Is an N-Gram?
• Understanding Text Mining
• What Are Language Models in NLP?
• Differences Between Porter and Lancaster Stemming Algorithms

Text Similarity and Search

• String Similarity Metrics – Edit Distance
• How to Compute the Similarity Between Two Text Documents?
• Semantic Similarity of Two Phrases
• How Does the Google “Did You Mean?” Algorithm Work?
• Co-occurrence Matrices and Their Uses in NLP
• Natural Language Processing: Bleu Score

Word Embeddings and Vector Representations

• NLP’s word2vec: Negative Sampling Explained
• When Coherence Score Is Good or Bad in Topic Modeling?
• How To Convert a Text Sequence to a Vector
• Converting a Word to a Vector
• Word Embeddings: CBOW vs Skip-Gram
• Transformer Text Embeddings
• Dimensionality of Word Embeddings

Large Language Models and Transformers

• Introduction to Large Language Models
• From RNNs to Transformers
• Different Text Summarization Techniques Using Langchain
• How Does ChatGPT Work?
• Comparison Between BERT and GPT-3 Architectures
• What Is Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)?
• Comparative Analysis of Top Large Language Models

Sentiment Analysis and Text Classification

• How Does the Amazon Recommendation System Work?
• Algorithms for Determining Text Sentiment
• Publicly Available Spam Filter Training Sets
• Automatic Keyword and Keyphrase Extraction
• Sentiment Analysis Dictionaries

      

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• What Are Language Models in NLP?
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