Further news identified that the aircraft was operated by budget carrier Lion Air. Later, more information came to light that the plane behind Lion Air’s crash off Indonesia was one of Boeing’s newest and most advanced jets. It was just two months old and had logged only 800 hours in the air, according to Indonesian officials. (New York Times).

For Indonesia, which has been troubled for years by safety problems but had recently shown signs of progress; the crash was another setback for its fast-growing aviation sector. On June 16, 2018, the European Union lifted a ban that has been imposed in 2007 on all Indonesia airlines after the Indonesian government improved its aviation safety standards and practices.

Investigation progress and finding after the crash

1. November 3, 2018: Indonesian rescue diver dies searching for Lion Air plane crash victims
2. November 7, 2018: Boeing has issued safety bulletin to all airlines that operate the Boeing 737 Max aircraft and FAA is expected to follow with an airworthiness directive mandating safety protocol for U.S. carriers
3. November 8, 2018: the Indonesia National Transportation Safety Committee revealed its investigation result. It is found that the crucial sensor was replaced on a Lion Air Boeing Jet.
4. November 10, 2018: Indonesia calls off the search for Lion Air crash victims.
5. November 14, 2018: Lion Air joins US pilots in claiming Boeing withheld info on a plane model that crashed
6. November 18, 2018: the focus has turned to Boeing, which allegedly failed to share enough information with regulators, airlines, and pilots about the systems on new feature implicated in the crash—information that aviation analyst say could have possibly saved the lives of all 189 people on board.
7. November 28, 2018: information retrieved from the flight data recorder showed the “stick shaker” was vibrating the captain’s controls warning of a stall throughout most of the flight. The captain using his control to bring the airline’s nose up, but an automated anti-stall system was pushing it down.

Related words and phrases

How to say it in English How to say in bahasa Indonesia
A plane crashes Pesawat terbang jatuh
Which airlines crashed? Maskapai penerbangan/penerbangan mana yang pesawatnya jatuh?
Which airlines have had the most accidents? Penerbaganan/Maskapai penerbangan mana yang paling sering mendapat kecelakaan?
Which is the safest plane? Pesawat apa yang paling aman?
Which Indonesian airline is the safest? Maskapai penerbangan/penerbangan mana yang paling aman?
When was the last time an Indonesian plane crashed? Kapan terakhir kali pesawat terbang Indonesia mengalami kecelakaan?
How likely is it for a plane to crash? Seberapa besar pesawat terbang jatuh?
What caused the crash of the aircraft? Apa penyebab jatuhnya pesawat terbang tersebut?
What happened to the plane?
Ada apa dengan pesawat terbangnya?
Are the pilot and co-pilot have had extensive training and flying experience Apakah pilot dan co-pilot telah mendapatkan pelatihan yang ekstensif dan pengalaman terbang?
Which airlines that has never had a plane crash? Maskapai penerbangan/penerbangan yang tidak pernah jatuh?
The Worrying Questions Raised by Indonesia’s Lion Air Crash Pertanyaan-pertanyaan kekhawatiran meningkat dengan jatuhnya pesawat Lion Air.
What is new on the 737 Max? Apa saja yang baru di (Boeing) 737
Which airlines operate the 737 Max? Maskapai penerbangan mana saja yang mengoperasikan 737 Max?
What did airlines and pilots know about the system? Apa saja yang diketahui oleh maskapai-maskapai penerbangan dan para pilot tentang system tersebut?
How are pilots trained? Bagaimana para pilot tersebut dilatih?
What has changed since the crash? Apa yang berubah sejak jatuhnya pesawat (Boeing 727 Max) tersebut?
When will the first report on the crash be released? Kapan laporan pertama tentang jatuhnya pesawat tersebut dipublikasikan?

      

The government of Indonesia that started the TKI program in 1969 called them “Pahlawan Devisa” (the heroes/heroines of state foreign exchange). They contribute to 10% of the state budget (APBN – Anggaran Pengeluaran dan Belanja Negara) placed second from oil and gas sector income. They work in 161 countries in Asia, USA, Middle-East, Africa, Europe, and Australia.

The Indonesian migrant workers consist of 30% men and 70% women which are called TKW – Tenaga Kerja Wanita (women’s labor). However, due to their low-skilled TKWs ended up working at the domestic sector. They are prone to exploitation, extortion, physical and sexual abuses, and suffered by those enduring human trafficking. Most of the time, they returned home being disabled and even worse, they are sending home without receiving their wages.

While the TKWs also called the Indonesian domestic helpers to work abroad, their lives are controlled by their employers withhold their passports. Aside from that, they cannot even leave the current employer without the prospective employer.

Several cases of abuses upon TKWs has been reported and gained worldwide attention are the executions of Indonesian domestic workers in Saudi Arabia.

This October 2018, there was another Indonesian domestic worker Tuti Tursilawati, who worked in Saudi Arabia who allegedly murder her employer in 2011 has been executed without first giving prior notice to the Indonesian government. Indonesian authorities have been outrage over Saudi Arabia’s decision.

Therefore, to protect the Indonesian migrant workers in the foreseen future, the current administration of the President of Indonesia Joko Widodo has pulled the Indonesian migrant workers, specifically the TKWs home to assure their safety through providing better policies and procedures in handling Indonesian migrant workers in Indonesia and abroad.

Indonesian people are hopeful that if the policies and procedures are already in place, they will prevent and stop the TKIs or TKWs from experiencing similar tragic incidents.

Related words and phrases:

How to say it in English How to say it in bahasa Indonesia

working abroad bekerja di luar negeri
to withold the passport menahan paspor
Indonesian migrant worker Tenaga Kerja Indonesia – TKI
Women labor Tenaga Kerja Wanita – TKW
Indonesian government pemerintah Indonesia
to protect Indonesian migrant worker(s) untuk melindungi TKI
prone to rentan terhadap
-extortion -pemerasan
-exploitation -eksploitasi
physical and sexual abuse pelecehan fisik dan seksual
human trafficking perdagangan manusia

Reference:
-Wikipedia

      

Therefore, the government of Indonesia issued Presidential Regulation No. 20/2018 on the Use of Immigrant Workers in Indonesia. The new regulation aims at simplifying the permit application process for foreign workers, hence making the process more efficient and faster. Among the key changes that have been removed is mandatory for all immigrant workers in Indonesia to pass an Indonesian proficiency test.

President Joko Widodo “Jokowi” has instructed the Minister of Manpower to abolish the rules that require foreign workers (TKA) to master the Indonesian language if they want to work domestically. The removal of a requirement for Foreign Workers (TKA) to master Indonesian is considered to be able to encourage the pace of foreign investment in Indonesia.

However, this new regulation has been received differently by both Indonesian and foreign investor:

For the foreign investor, it is a welcome change, while the majority Indonesian strongly believed that requiring foreign workers to be fluent in Indonesian is considered as a way for the government to protect local workers from competition with foreign workers who are deemed to have better expertise.

The government’s decision to revoke foreign workers’ requirements to be fluent in Indonesian is considered to facilitate PMA – Foreign Investment considering that Indonesia is regarded as a country that is not friendly to foreign investors. Indonesia ranks 72nd among countries.

In conclusion: foreigners and domestic employers (who are employing foreigners or who want to hire foreigners) do not need to worry at all about the “mandatory Bahasa Indonesia” regulation. The government does encourage foreign workers to learn Indonesian, but it will not be enforced in any way.

Related words and phrases

How to say it in bahasa Indonesia How to say it in English
Peraturan Presiden (Perpres) Presidential Decree
Tenaga Kerja Asing (TKA) Immigrant worker; Foreign worker
Menguasai bahasa Indonesia To master Indonesian language
Berbahasa Indonesia dengan fasih Speak Indonesian fluently
mandatory mengharuskan

      

As most of Indonesian words, mencari is formed from ‘meN’ prefix and ‘cari’ root word that means ‘to search’ or ‘to look for’. It is a transitive verb.

As a transitive verb ‘mencari’ can be followed by a noun directly. It means that when you use ‘mencari’ as a verb, you can put the noun that you are searching for right after without preposition or conjunction in between.

For example:
I am searching for my car key.
Saya sedang mencari kunci mobil saya.

Is s/he looking for me?
Apa dia mencari saya?

Saya sedang mencari pekerjaan.
I am looking for a job.

What is ‘menemukan’?

As ‘mencari’, ‘menemukan’ is also a transitive verb. ‘Menemukan’ is formed from ‘meN’ prefix and ‘temu’ root word, which means ‘to meet’,

‘Menemukan’ means to find but it can also be seen as ‘meeting’ with the object or the person that you have been looking for.

When are you going to use ‘mencari’ and ‘menemjkan?
‘Menemukan’ is concerned about the moment at which the object or the person is found. If you want to talk about such process of finding something or someone, you should use ‘mencari’.

For example:

Polisi belum menemukan anak yang hilang itu
The police hasn’t found the missing child.

Tadi malam saya menemukan dompet di jalan.
Last night, I found a wallet on the street.

Summary
You use ‘mencari’ when you are referring to the process of searching for something or someone. Once you have found it, you use the word ‘menemukan’.

      

1. Giving Commands
– Commands using intransitive verbs
In intransitive sentences, the form of the verb does not change.
Examples:
Berdiri! Stand up.
Berangkat besok! Leave tomorrow.

Membaca dulu, kemudian menulis! Read first, then write.
Menginap di tempat teman saja! Just stay the night at one friend’s place.

Pulang jam 10 malam! Go home at 10.00 PM.
Keluar sekarang! Go out now.

– Commands using transitive verbs
In transitive sentences, the prefix “me-” is dropped if the object is specific.
Examples:
Lihat dokumen perjalanan ini! Look at this travel document.
Buka halaman 15! Open page 15.

How to make Commands more polite and formal

To make Commands more polite and formal, add different words or part words, such as – lah, harap, hendaklah or hendaknya and mohon.

Using suffix – lah
Examples:
Berhenti! To stop ( be stationary)
Berhentilah! Please stop.

Menyanyi bersama! Sing together.
Menyanyilah bersama! Please sing together.

Mulai sebentar lagi! Start in a moment.
Mulailah sebentar lagi! Please start in a moment.

Tawar ongkos taksinya! Bargain the taxi fare.
Tawarlah ongkos taksinya! Please bargain the taxi fare.

Using “harap”

The use of harap in imperatives means something like “ You are expected to do this”, even though it is usually translated into English as “please”.
Harap is usually placed at the beginning of the command, if the addressee is not mentioned. When the addressee is mentioned, harap is usually placed after it.

Examples:
Antre di sini! Line up here.
Harap antre di sini! Please line up here.
Turis-turis harap antre di sini! Tourists please line up here.

Using “hendaklah” or “hendaknya”
The word hendak forms a part of the noun kehendak, meaning ”a will or wish (to do something)”. By itself, without the prefix, it is used to indicate future action; for example, Mereka hendak pergi ke Bali (They are going to go to Bali).
When used in Commands, either – lah or – nya is attached to it. Because of their very formal nature, hendaklah or hendaknya are not common in everyday spoken Indonesian and are suitable for telling people to do abstract actions.

Examples:
Hendaklah/hendaknya hal ini menjadi perhatian kita. Let this matter become our attention.
Hendaklah/hendaknya can also be used for reprimanding very formally.
Hendaknya Anda mengerti betul peraturan ini. You should really understand this regulation.

Using “mohon”
Mohon, which also translates as”please”, is similar to harap in its formality. However, unlike harap, mohon has a sense of urgency and pleading.
Like harap, mohon, can be placed at the beginning of the sentence, to produce a more direct command, or after the mention of the addressee, to make the command a little more indirect.
Examples:
Balas surel/email itu! Reply that email.
Mohon balas surel/email it! Please reply that email.
Saya mohon Anda balas surel/email itu! Literally: I ask you to reply that email.
Please reply that email.

2. Making requests
Using “minta”
In Indonesian, the word minta can be used to ask for something. This use of minta in imperatives translates into English as “Can I/we..?”
Requests are not restricted to this word “minta”; other words can be used as well.
Examples:

Minta daftar para penumpang bis. Can I have the list of the bus passengers?
Bagi foto-fotonya. Can I have a share of photos?
Ketikkan surat ini, Can I have this letter typed?

How to make requests more polite
Using “tolong”, “minta tolong”
Requests can be made more polite by adding the word “tolong (please do something)”, which literally means “help”.
When tolong is used, prefix “me-” is dropped.
Examples:
Tolong bantu dia. Please help him/her.
Tolong panggilkan taksi. Please call a taxi (for me).

When minta tolong is used, the request is more urgent.

Examples:
Minta tolong panggilkan polisi. Please help call the police.
Minta tolong panggilkan ambulan. Please help call the ambulance.

Very formal request
Using “sudilah (kiranya)”
Sudilah (kiranya) is used to make very formal and very polite requests to someone in a very high position. These expressions mean” I/we hope you are willing to do this.”
Examples:
Sudilah (kiranya) bapak Presiden menghadiri pertemuan kami. We hope you, Mr. President, are willing to attend our meeting.

3. Making invitation
Using”mari”

Examples:
Mari kita pulang. Let’s go home.
Mari masuk. Let’s come in.

To make it more formal, “silakan”
Examples:
Silakan masuk, Bu. Please come in.
Silakan duduk, saya akan panggil Bapak saya. Please sit down; I will call my father.

4. Making an offer
Using “mari” and “biar”
Offering can be understood to mean “offering to do something for someone” or “offering something to someone”. “Mari” is polite and formal; on the other hand, “biar” is polite, but neutral in terms of formality.
Examples:

Mari saya bawakan tas besarnya. Here, let me carry the big bag for you.
Biar ibu saya yang mengantar Andrew ke dokter. Let my mother take Andrew to a doctor.

The second sense of offering is expressed by using silakan.
Examples:

Silakan minum. Please drink.
Silakan datang dan menginap di rumah kami. Please come and stay overnight in our house.

5. Giving advice
Using “sebaiknya”
Sebaliknya means “it is best that” or “you had better”. This word is polite and formal.
Examples:

Sebaiknya Anda tanya kepada dokter Anda. It is best that you ask your doctor.
Anda sebaiknya tanya kepada dokter Anda. You had better ask your dokter.

While “sebaiknya” is generally used for advising, it can also be used to give a polite command and can be placed either at the beginning of the sentence or after the mention of the addressee.
Examples:
Sebaiknya dia keluar ruangan rapat itu. It is best that he/she leave that meeting room.
Dia sebaiknya keluar ruangan rapat itu. He/she had better leave that meeting room.

Using “seharusnya”
Examples:
Saya seharusnya datang lebih awal. I should have come earlier.
Kta seharusnya memberi contoh yang baik kepada anak-anak kita. We ought to set good examples for our children.

How to say “do not”
Using “jangan”
Jangan means “do not” and is neutral in terms of politeness and formality. When jangan is used, it is optional to keep or drop the prefix me-.
Examples:
Jangan (me-) tilpun ketika menyetir mobil. Don’t call/use your phone when you drive.
Tolong jangan (mem)baca di tempat yang gelap Please don’t read in the dark.

Using “dilarang”
Dilarang means “it is prohibited”. This word is the passive form of the verb melarang (to prohibit) and is used primarily for public notices (official prohibitions).
Examples:
Dilarang masuk. Do not enter.
Dilarang parkir mobil di sini. Do not park the car here.

Grammar Practice

Complete or respond these sentences below using “Jangan”. Use “Jangan” construction based on the provided statements.

Example:
Makanan ini basi (stale/spoilt).
Jangan makan makanan ini!
1. Saya dengar daerah ini sering ada kejahatan.
2. Kasihan ya, anak bungsunya baru saja meninggal dunia.
3. Dia orangnya pemarah.
4. Jalan di belakang rumah gelap.
5. Taksi di Jakarta banyak yang tidak aman.
6. Kata orang-orang, banyak barang bermerek yang palsu di pasar ular.
7. Menurut kabar, resesi ekonomi ini akan berlangsung lama.
8. Surat elektronik ini sepertinya mengandung virus.
9. Dia sedang serius bekerja dan sepertinya dia punya banyak pekerjaan hari ini.
10. Banyak perusahaan penerbangan Indonesia kurang memperhatikan keselamatan penumpang.

Grammar Practice

Please translate the following into Indonesian using biar, mari, jangan, tolong

1. Don’t forget to lock all the doors.

2. Don’t smoke in the office.

3. Later before you leave, please water all my plants.

4. Let’s take a rest for a moment, I am tired.

5. Would you please offer the guest tea or coffee.

6. It’s late already, let’s leave now.

7. Let her finish her cooking, so everybody can eat.

8. Don’t forget to sign the check.

9. Let’s take her home, before it’s too late.

10. Let’s visit the historic place near the museum.

11. Would you please check the message before you go home.

12. Don’t continue this debate until I come back from New York.

13. Let her visit her niece in the hospital later.

14. Don’t walk by yourself at night in this area.

15. Don’t forget to bring your identification card to travel to Jakarta.

16. Let us practice the Indonesian language every day in class.

17. Don’t show these pictures to her yet.

18. Let him use the opportunity, to think a moment.

19. Please watch the children out side, because I have to cook lunch for them.

20. Let’s wait until the traffic clear up a little bit.

21. Let him finish what he wants to say!

22. Let them gather in the next room.

23. Please continue this work, because we don’t much time left.

24. Let her finish the Project, so she can do something else.

25. Please help her with the Indonesian grammar.
Let’s cross the street right now, before the traffic light changes to red.
26. Don’t stay in the house, the heater is not working.

27. Please pass the salt and pepper!

28. Don’t forget to check the plane tickets before you go to the airport.

29. Let him visit the website to see the facilities in that hotel.

30. Don’t depend on others when you travel overseas.

      

1. Unfortunate condition
2. Affected by (something or someone)
3. Accidental (replaces ter- prefix in colloquial speech)
4. To get (something or someone)

In some instances, the four functions above are overlapping and the meaning of a ‘ke-…-an” word could translate differently depending on the context.
Read the following examples of ‘ke-…-an” verb and its function.

Daerah di wilayah Timur Indonesia membutuhkan hujan. Sudah beberapa bulan daerah-daerah itu kekeringan. unfortunate condition & affected by

Karena hujan terus-menerus selama berhari-hari, beberapa tempat di sekitar kota Jakarta kebanjiran. –> unfortunate condition & affected by

Wah! Saya bangun kesiangan. Saya harus segera berangkat karena saya tak mau ketinggalan bis jemputan FSI. –> unfortunate condition & affected by

Karena kehabisan gula, saya terpaksa minum teh pahit –> affected by

Bu Dahlia dan Bu Nuning tidak kebagian oleh-oleh dari Pak Budi karena mereka kesiangan. –> affected by & unfortunate condition

Tadi malam saya kedatangan tamu dari Jakarta –> to get

Overlapping of “ke-…-an” and “ter-”
A few words, the product of ‘ke-…-an” has the similar meaning of the prefix “ter-“.
Yel-yel yang diteriakkan oleh pengunjuk rasa terdengar dari jauh.
Yel-yel yang diteriakkan oleh pengunjuk rasa kedengaran dari jauh.

Asap dari kebakaran hutan menyebabkan matahari tak terlihat di langit.
Asap dari kebakaran hutan menyebabkan matahari tak kelihatan di langit.

Aduh, maaf saya lupa menelepon Anda, saya tertidur tadi malam.
Aduh, maaf saya lupa menelepon Anda, saya ketiduran tadi malam.

Sepertinya kunci rumah saya tertinggal di kantor, tapi saya tidak yakin.
Sepertinya kunci rumah saya ketinggalan di kantor, tapi saya tidak yakin.

 
Exception
A. Two words kelihatan and kedengaran seem to have been formed by analogy. The inconvenient element is gone and their meanings have shifted.
Tugu Selamat Datang kelihatan dari Hotel Indonesia dan Hotel Mandarin.
Selamat Datang monument is visible from Hotel Indonesia and Mandarin Hotel.

Maaf bisakah Anda ulangi, suara Anda tidak kedengaran.
Excuse me, would you please repeat that, I couldn’t hear you.

B. ‘ke-…-an” also means “having to do with [something]”.
Examples:
Kerajaan Sriwijaya sangat terkenal, tak hanya di Indonesia tetapi di beberapa negara Asia lainnya. –> kingdom.
Pidato kenegaraan itu disiarkan secara langsung oleh beberapa stasiun televisi. –> official/state speech.
Departemen Ketenagakerjaan melatih calon TKI yang akan berangkat ke luar negeri. –> department of labor.

Grammar Practice
Identify the meaning of “ke-…-an” in the following sentences:
1. Saya tak mampu membeli rumah di daerah Washington DC, karena harga rumah-rumah di sana kemahalan.
2. Kesederhanaan pengusaha kaya raya itu membuat dia menjadi panutan anak buahnya.
3. Jangan khawatir, setiap kesulitan pasti ada jalan keluarnya.
4. Para calon pegawai diuji pengalaman dan kemampuan mereka untuk menempati posisi masing-masing.
5. Apa masakan kesukaan Anda? Apa Anda suka masakan Padang?
6. Masakan Padang kepedasan untuk saya. Saya lebih suka masakan Jawa Tengah yang lebih manis.
7. Setiap hari Pak Joko harus menyetir selama 2 jam ke kantor. Kantor Pak Joko kejauhan.
8. Karena bangun kesiangan, saya ketinggalan pesawat ke Boston. Kebetulan perusahaan penerbangan bisa menempatkan saya pada penerbangan berikutnya.
9. Kalau Anda kehilangan surat-surat penting, segeralah lapor ke RT, RW, kelurahan, kecamatan, dan kepolisian terdekat.
10. Kami harus meningkatkan keamanan di lingkungan kami karena dalam bulan terakhir ini sudah dua kali kecurian di daerah ini.
11. Kedatangan Presiden Obama sangat ditunggu-tunggu oleh masyarakat Indonesia.
12. Aduh, saya kelupaan membawa dompet. Apa Ada bisa meminjam uang kepada saya?
13. Maaf bisakah Anda bicara lebih keras? Suara Anda tidak kedengaran.
14. Pak Gultom kelihatan marah waktu dia kalah main catur. Dia tidak bisa terima kekalahan itu.
15. Anak saya ketakutan ditinggal sendiri di rumah.

      

Circumfix “ke-…-an” forms nouns from adjectives, verbs and other classes. In this posting, we will only focus on nouns made from adjectives.
Adjectives can be transformed into abstract noun by applying circumfix “ke-…-an” to them. So the nouns can be constructed only by the addition of the prefix “ke-” and the suffix “–an” to the base. If the base is adjectival, it means “state or quality of being.”

Root word English “ke-…-an” noun, the root of which is adjective English
baik good; well kebaikan kindness; goodness
cantik beautiful kecantikan beauty
kaya rich kekayaan wealth
sehat healthy kesehatan health
berani courageous keberanian courage

Compound word English “ke- -an” noun, the root of which is adjective English
tidak adil – unjust – ketidakadilan – injustice
tidak cocok – incompatible – ketidakcocokan – incompatibility
tidak jujur – dishonest – ketidakjujuran – dishonesty
tidak aman – insecure – ketidakamanan insecurity
tidak ramah – unfriendly – ketidakramahan – unfriendliness

NOTE
Pay attention to “ke-…-an” words with dual meanings. Depending on how we use them in context, they may indicate one thing or the other.

More examples:
“Ke-…-an” word Adjective Abstract noun

kelaparan – struck by hunger (starving) – hunger
kepanjangan – too long – unabbreviated form (e.g. of a name “Kepanjangan namanya….)
kependekan – too short abbreviated form(e.g. of a name “Kependekkan namanya….)
kepedasan – too spicy – spiciness
ketipisan – too thin – thinness (not for body)

Do you find the pattern?

Generally the meaning of the noun can be predicted from the meaning of the root word and the context of the sentence.

Grammar Practice
1. Presiden memberi tanda jasa kepada para pahlawan atas (courage) mereka melawan penjajah.
2. Menteri Kesehatan Indonesia mendapat (honor) untuk membuka Pameran Obat Tradisional.
3. Dokter-dokter angkatan darat mengikuti latihan (readiness) merawat penderita sakit dalam latihan perang di Pantai Pasir Putih.
4. Waktu menonton film Paranormal Activity, banyak penonton berteriak (scared).
5. Pasukan penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa membantu pemerintah Afganistan menanggulangi (insecurity) di negara tersebut.
6. Kita harus memiliki (health) yang prima selama musim dingin.
7. (Habit)nya bangun pagi membuat dia berumur panjang.
8. Berkat (skill)nya, penerbang itu berhasil mendaratkan pesawatnya dengan selamat di atas sungai.
9. Harga minyak dunia cukup stabil karena ada (balance) antara permintaan dan penawaran.
10. Tingkat (death) bayi di pedesaan sangat tinggi.

Answer key
1. keberanian 6. kesehatan
2. kehormatan 7. kebiasaan
3. kesiapan 8. kemampuan
4. ketakutan 9. keseimbangan
5. ketidakamanan 10. kematian