The European Commission has fined five banks a total €1.07 billion ($1.2 billion) for manipulating the foreign exchange market in 11 currencies.

Citigroup Inc., Barclays, JPMorgan Chase & Co., and the Royal Bank of Scotland were fined €811.197 million ($906.8 million); and Barclays, RBS and MUFG Bank (formerly Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi) were fined €257.682 million ($288 million).